|
-Bình Xuyên Supported by SDECE -Hòa Hảo sect -Cao Đài sect | commander1 = | commander2 = Ba Cụt | strength1 = | strength2 = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | yearcost1 = }} In 1955, the Prime Minister of South Vietnam Ngô Đình Diệm faced a severe challenge to his rule over South Vietnam from the Bình Xuyên criminal gang and the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo religious sects. In the Battle of Saigon in April, Diệm's army eliminated the Bình Xuyên as a rival and soon also reduced the power of the sects. The United States, which had been wavering in its support of Diệm before the battle, strongly supported him afterwards. Diệm declined to enter into talks with North Vietnam concerning an election in 1956 to unify the country. Diệm called a national election in October and easily defeated Head of State Bảo Đại, thus becoming President of South Vietnam. In communist North Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh initiated a land reform program that was accomplished with many executions and imprisonments of "landlords." Ho was unable to get the support of China and the Soviet Union to press for preliminary talks that would lead to the 1956 elections called for in the Geneva Accord. ==January== ;1 January Ho Chi Minh at a triumphal parade in Hanoi announced his government's policy to restore and develop the economy of North Vietnam. One of his priorities was a land reform program to give "land to the tillers."〔Doyle, Edward et al, ''The Vietnam Experience: Passing the Torch'' Boston: Boston Publishing Co., 1981, p. 102〕 South Vietnam became independent from the French Union's franc zone and South Vietnam's army became eligible to receive U.S. military aid directly rather than through the French military establishment still present in South Vietnam. The change increased Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm's control of the army.〔Jacobs, Seth ''Cold War Mandarin'' New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006, p. 69〕 ; 8 January With the advice of American and French experts, the government of South Vietnam adopted Ordinance No. 2 which set the rent tenant farmers were obligated to pay to landlords to a maximum of 25 percent of the crop. Some tenants considered the 25 percent rate exorbitant. During the first year of the operation of the Ordinance about one-fourth of the more than 1 million tenant farmers in South Vietnam signed contracts with landowners establishing rental rates. The Ordinance was the first major effort of South Vietnam to counter the influence and popularity of the Viet Minh in rural areas. The Viet Minh had dispossessed many landlords and given land and influence to poor and landless farmers.〔Wurfel, David (1957), "Agrarian Reform in the Republic of Vietnam",''Far Eastern Survey'', Vol. 26, No 6 (Jun 1957), pp. 81-83. Downloaded from JSTOR.〕 ; 22 January Viet Minh leader Lê Đức Thọ departed from southernmost Vietnam for North Vietnam in accordance with the Geneva Accords which permitted free movement for 300 days between the provisional states of North and South Vietnam. His commander, Lê Duẩn, remained clandestinely in the Mekong Delta and Saigon. Lê Duẩn was charged with maintaining a communist infrastructure in southern region. He remained in the south until 1957.〔Lien-Hang T. Nguyen, ''Hanoi's War'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012, pp. 17-18, 33-34〕 ; 31 January Colonel Edward Lansdale head of the CIA's Saigon Military Mission (SMM) reported to Washington that his team had smuggled 300 rifles, 50 pistols, 100,000 rounds of ammunition and 300 pounds of explosives into North Vietnam. The arms were distributed to anti-communist organizations in North Vietnam created by the SMM or cached for future use.〔''The Pentagon Papers'' Gravel Edition, Volume 1, Document 95 "Lansdale Team's Report on Covert Saigon Mission in 1954 and 1955, pp. 573-583〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「1955 in the Vietnam War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|